Thursday, August 22, 2024

How Right-Wing Propaganda Works

“In its second minute the Hate rose to a frenzy. People were leaping up and down in their places and shouting at the tops of their voices in an effort to drown the maddening bleating voice that came from the screen.…The dark-haired girl behind Winston had begun crying out ‘Swine! Swine! Swine!’ and suddenly she picked up a heavy Newspeak dictionary and flung it at the screen.…In a lucid moment Winston found that he was shouting with the others and kicking his heel violently against the rung of his chair. The horrible thing about the Two Minutes Hate was not that one was obliged to act a part, but, on the contrary, that it was impossible to avoid joining in. Within thirty seconds any pretense was always unnecessary. A hideous ecstasy of fear and vindictiveness, a desire to kill, to torture, to smash faces in with a sledge-hammer, seemed to flow through the whole group of people like an electric current, turning one even against one’s will into a grimacing, screaming lunatic. And yet the rage that one felt was an abstract, undirected emotion which could be switched from one object to another like the flame of a blowlamp.” — George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four via:

Kat Abughazaleh has watched a lot of Fox News. As an analyst for Media Matters, her job was to monitor the Fox primetime shows, producing videos documenting some of the most deranged stories to appear on the network. Somebody has to keep track of what's going on in the right's media ecosystem, and we're glad that Kat performs this valuable public service. Examples of her work include videos about Mike Huckabee's indoctrination program, the "right-wing Amazon", Tucker Carlson's post-Fox career, Conservapedia, and her weekly Fox roundups. We can laugh at the right's media, but its effects are alarming. Introducing Fox News to a market turns people more conservative and many people have disturbing stories of how their relatives have had their minds poisoned by the stream of hatred and paranoia that Fox transmits into their brains. See our Current Affairs profile of Rupert Murdoch for more.

Kat joined us recently to talk about how right-wing propaganda works. What is the typical story? Why is it effective? How can we fight this stuff? How is the right trying to ensure that its messages go unchallenged? Kat tells you everything you didn't know about the right's media apparatus and gives us some practical advice for how we can combat it.

Nathan J. Robinson
I suppose the first thing I want to do is thank you for your service. Your bio on Twitter says that you watch Fox News so the rest of us don't have to. So, perhaps you could begin by telling our listeners and our readers some of what you do endure this on a regular basis.

Kat Abughazaleh
It's kind of fun if you're the specific brain type that I have—if you're a masochist, that's what it is. It's kind of fun if you're a masochist.

Robinson
Other people would not have fun doing what you do.

Abughazaleh
Yes, when I was at Media Matters, I was on night shift, which was a small team, and we all got along really well. There was never any conflict on night shift. And that's because our brains were all broken in the same way. We knew so many things about Dan Bongino and Brian Kilmeade that the average person, even the pretty fervent Fox viewer, just wouldn't know. I know about Sean Hannity's eclectic blend of martial arts that he does, including “pain day”, which is a regular day on his schedule where he gets his sensei to beat the shit out of him.
Do I wish I knew that? No.
Do I know that? Forever.
Robinson
It's fascinating, the knowledge that you now have because you have watched so much Fox News. As I understand it, you watch the prime-time schedule of Fox News, look for important or ridiculous things to cover, note it down.

Could you tell us about your process?

Abughazaleh
My job when I was on night shift was to watch Fox, 4 to 11pm. All of us had different shows that we watched regularly. But, people would get out sick, or just get tired of listening to Hannity's voice. When I started at Media Matters, I watched Laura Ingraham for the first couple months, and then moved to Hannity.

Watching Hannity is its own special type of mind melt. It gets to a point that after a couple of weeks, you can do an entire 20-minute Sean Hannity monologue, just off the cuff. He says the same shit every single night. And then I moved on to Tucker Carlson, who then got fired. Since then, I've been watching The Five a lot.

You build up this knowledge—when you first start, it's kind of hard because you're trying to figure out these inside jokes that others in the field might have, or what the hell someone's talking about. There's a lot of lore in the Fox News and the right-wing mediaverse. There's so much lore, and all of it is useless. But when you do this job, you learn all of it. (...)

Robinson
What I like about what comes of this total immersion over time is that, as you've been describing, you start to understand how the propaganda machine works. Fox News is very powerful. People might ask, and I'm sure they ask you, why would you do this? Why would you subject yourself to this? Is this really important? These people are so full of shit and their material is so lazy.

But I think it is important because there are studies that show that when Fox News comes into a market, it turns the audience more conservative in that city or town. It's very effective. So, what have you come to understand about how this propaganda is put together?

Abughazaleh
The thing that I think many people ignore when it comes to this stuff is the danger in Fox News is it's the most watched cable news channel. Sure, the audience skews very much on the older side—you can just look at the ads to know that—but also, the chokehold it has over the GOP.

My old boss, Andrew Lawrence, used to say, Roger Ailes started Fox to help the GOP, and now the GOP is doing everything it can do to get on Fox. It's inverted. It's flipped upside down. When Tucker was on Fox News, every single thing the GOP did was to get two minutes on Tucker's show—everything. And he was dictating policy.

You think about when Kevin McCarthy was running for Speaker, and they did, what, 15 votes? That's because Tucker held the Speakership hostage. He listed demands for the House Speaker, and until McCarthy agreed to meet those demands, the vote didn't go through. That's a cable news host holding the third most powerful position in the country hostage to get the January 6th tapes. That was one thing Tucker really wanted, and Kevin McCarthy gave them to him. He also wanted a Frank Church style committee to investigate how Big Tech is attacking conservatives led by Thomas Massie, and then Massie came on the Friday after Kevin McCarthy was elected Speaker, to thank Tucker for getting him that committee.

It's less to that point now. You have things that show up on Fox News that are coming up in the GOP and vice versa: DEI, all these things about drag brunches and banning that. It's less centralized now that Tucker is interviewing Catturd.
 
Robinson
People might not know what that sentence that you've just spoken means.

Abughazaleh
I hope they don't, but yes, Tucker's irrelevant now. Fox didn't need Tucker, Tucker needed Fox, despite what Alex Jones said last week on a show with Tucker. It's more about how Fox informs the right-wing political apparatus that shows what's being introduced into the mainstream. Because there's stuff from the far right that once you see it on Fox, that's how you know the window is shifted.

Robinson
Tell us about some of those things then, and about what Fox News is trying to do to its audience. Because there's a Fox News method. You've done this feature where each week, you highlight stories that appear on Fox that don't appear anywhere else. There seems to be a common technique that underlies all of this, which is, "here's a thing that you should be mad about," or some new people for you to hate.

Abughazaleh
Exactly. And different hosts have different strategies for this. Like I said, when Tucker was there, he was really good at this. He had almost a week-long schedule where he’d slowly introduce a topic, for example, with the theory that 80,000 IRS agents were going to audit you at gunpoint. But now you have different hosts. There's less of that centralization.

But you look at, for example, when Trans Day of Visibility landed on Easter this year. You were being attacked with it every hour, with them saying Joe Biden is "transing" Easter. And that makes no sense. But then, you go to Easter dinner that night and you kind of hear from your grandfather about how Easter is trans now. It's just kind of repetition. I don't want to be like "everything's Orwellian," but when I actually read Nineteen Eighty-Four, I thought, damn, that's a really good tactic to make people think a certain way. (...)

Robinson
It's really very sad, though, because there have been all these news reports about how this poison that is put in people's brains destroys families. People talk about how their relative that they loved, who was a totally normal, loving, wonderful person, but now just watches Fox News all day, and all they do is rant. And the level of paranoia and terror on this network—there was the story about the guy who watched Fox News, and then a teenage Black kid came to his door and rang the doorbell and he just shot him. He's just sitting there in absolute terror that there are people coming for you. It seems to be that one of the core Fox News messages is just "be afraid." (...)

Robinson
Tell us then, for those of us who haven't exposed ourselves to a similar amount of this stuff, if I were to watch Fox News for a week in the prime time, what are the sorts of things that I could expect to see? What's the typical week of stories?

Abughazaleh
Things have really flared up with a bunch of different big stories between the Trump verdicts and Hunter Biden and all this stuff, but definitely something about Hunter Biden. Doesn't matter what it is, it’s something about Hunter Biden. We all know that's who we're voting for in this election: it’s Donald Trump versus Hunter Biden. Something about DEI, especially if there's anything that happened on a plane—someone's going to blame that on hiring too many Black people.

Robinson
Really? So, the air traffic control problems are not a labor story.

Abughazaleh
No, it's not a labor story about how Reagan fucked up the entire airline industry, even now, 40 years later. It's a story of how DEI, about how diversity and equity initiatives, are making airlines hire unqualified Black people, and therefore, that's why Boeing has all the doors fly off their planes, despite the fact that all pilots have to have the exact same qualifications. The reason that there's a race disparity—sorry, this gets me so pissed off—the reason there are equity initiatives in the first place is because there is a racial disparity that doesn't provide opportunities to people who are qualified. But to Fox, doors are flying off planes because of too many Black people. So, you'll definitely hear something about that. And the trans people are trying to get your kids or whatever.

Robinson
There's a cartoon that I always liked, which features Rupert Murdoch, an immigrant, and a construction worker, and Rupert Murdoch has a big plate of cookies. The construction worker has one cookie, and the Rupert Murdoch is telling the worker that immigrants are trying to take your cookie. Meanwhile, Murdoch has the giant pile.


What you discussed there indicates something that's really important about a media organization like this, which is the attempt to redirect people's ire away from the actual power elite. Take the Boeing story: we know the Boeing story is a story of corporate malfeasance, a story of the pursuit of profit at the expense of safety. It's actually a pretty clear-cut situation. It's a great parable of how capitalism will kill you because people will cut corners to make more money. And yet, that can be reframed and shifted to point to those who have absolutely no power. Now they are the ones trying to crash your planes, kill your children, and put everything you care about at risk.

Abughazaleh
Right. And completely ignoring international politics—not even touching that, just the national stuff—the way that Fox treats labor unions and just straight up ignores gigantic labor movements here is disgusting. They love to fetishize the working class and the middle class and how we're all good American boys here, but you're spitting in the face of anything that could help what you hope to be your audience and idealizing as your audience.

That's something that a lot of Boomers do in the first place. I grew up in Texas, where "union" is a bad word. They really do—not just Fox, but all American power structures—as much as they can try to get us to want what's worse for ourselves. (...)

They do have contempt for their audience. That's what it is. The anti-intellectualism movement is so dangerous. I think it is one of the most dangerous things in our country right now, and it's being led by people like Fox News hosts, who all have college educations and degrees. I remember Pete Hegseth talking about Donald Trump with other guests, and all three of those guys went to Ivies. All of them studied history or literature. It's so hypocritical. And by targeting education—what they're doing with charter schools and DEI, taking out CRT, banning books, all of this stuff—they want you to want what's worse for yourself.

So many of our parents, especially if you're a woman or someone of color, have died or uprooted their entire lives to give us education, and Fox News is getting people to turn it away voluntarily, and that's what they want. They want you to be uneducated.

Robinson
I remember when Gretchen Carlson was on Fox News. She went to Stanford and Oxford, and yet she would play a moron on Fox News, and pretended that she didn't know what the word ignoramus or czar meant. She'd just play a dummy on purpose.

Abughazaleh
Tucker used to that too. He used to say, I don't even know what “stochastic” means, that's not even a real word. You know what that means, because you're inspiring it. (...)

Robinson
I do want to just take a moment to remind people Fox News was built by a serial sexual predator, Roger Ailes. This guy was kind of undiscussed.

Abughazaleh
Women weren't allowed to wear pants at the network until like 2016.

Robinson
One of the most evil people in the history of television, just a total and complete monster, although Murdoch manages to slip out of view a little bit. You pointed out earlier that the hosts are kind of interchangeable. Tucker thought he mattered, but he didn't. He's dispensable. He didn't even realize, I don't think, that he was dispensable. Glenn Beck was once huge on Fox News.

Abughazaleh
O'Reilly. I think O'Reilly had a bigger cultural impact than Tucker. Tucker is still relevant on the far right. But with O'Reilly, you had people in the center who claim they were liberals that would say, sometimes I just turn on O'Reilly to see what he has to say, he has some ideas—almost like a Bill Maher figure now, except no one had caught on yet. And Tucker didn't really have that appeal to a wider audience, but the appeal he did have was very focused. It was very effective. They're still suffering a bit from firing him, but they still have the numbers. They still have a shit ton of money. All these hosts are dispensable.

Robinson
And behind it all is this evil Australian billionaire. 

Abughazaleh
I just have to say, one of my least favorite things in the world is when people say the FCC should do something about Fox. Because, guess what? The FCC does not have jurisdiction over Fox News or any cable news channel. And there's one of these almost Boomer type memes, where it has a bunch of text, and it's like a history lesson: in 1980 whatever, Rupert Murdoch came here, and then Reagan eliminated all these laws. I did an entire series debunking this myth. There aren't really any legal measures that the country can take against cable news. There isn't really a classification for cable channels, but CNN is in the same classification as Fox. They're all entertainment, if you want to call them that. And honestly, the government shouldn't be responsible for arbitrating the truth.

Robinson
Right. That's its own set of dangers. (...)

Robinson
For people who are on the Left like you and me, but who are not like you and me in that they don't expose themselves to right-wing media, is there anything that they misunderstand or don't really realize about right-wing media? Or something that you've come to understand by watching so much of this stuff that you wish other people who share your politics would understand or appreciate?

Abughazaleh
Two things: one is from the perspective of a monitor of this type of stuff, and the other is from the perspective of someone who grew up conservative.

Many people that watch this stuff and that are very entrenched in right-wing media, that consume it like the air they need to breathe. They don't care if they're wrong. If you have something to debunk their latest insane theory, they don't care. Their brain will find a way to warp around that and come up with an entirely new reality in just moments. You look at the inauguration, scrolling down on Rumble, there were so many people who were devastated because Joe Biden wasn't executed right before he swore himself into office. And within about 30 minutes—probably less than that, in 10 minutes—those same people would say, "actually, this is just a part of all the plan that Trump has to take over the world again," or take over the country and take it away from Joe Biden.

So, they're able to shift their thoughts. They can keep the cognitive dissonance. And once you get a crack in it, that's one of the best things you can do. Just get one teeny, tiny crack. But unless they're ready to face that, if someone's not going to take all of your well-researched arguments in good faith, you can't make them.

But also, at the same time, I grew up conservative, and I think about how a lot of people want to lecture others or shame them, people that just genuinely don't know better. We do such a great job in this country of brainwashing people who are raised conservative. You're taught an alternate set of truths, and you have to relearn all that when you realize they're not real, and that's hard. It's hard to admit that the things you were taught, the things that you and your loved ones believe or believed, are not real. That's difficult to admit. You feel embarrassed, you feel kind of lonely. It's confusing.

And I think instead of trying to write everyone off, especially like in the South—there are so many progressive and liberal people in the South that are just being repressed by the same people who are creating the brainwashy type material for the well-intentioned people that are on the Right there. Not everything's a lost cause. I think a lot more empathy and realizing that these people are people—there's a whole system that's been created to keep these ideas in place—would help people on the Left a lot. There wouldn't be propaganda if we weren't winning.

Robinson
On the subject of the failure of fact-checking: I've just been observing debates online between a lot of people on the Right and those who are saying, "but crime is going down." And the reaction is very interesting. The first person says "look, the statistics are actually showing that crime goes down." And immediately it's just, "Well, the statistics are fake, and the Left is not reporting all the crimes that are happening." And so, your fact checks with your little charts are just going to produce a new conspiracy about the making of the charts.

I want to ask you about what lessons have come out of your studies about how to fight this stuff. What you're saying is consistent with what I got from an interview I recorded with an ex-Jordan Peterson fan. We talked about the process of leaving Jordan Peterson behind and what it had taken to shatter his faith in this man. He really believed that this man was a brilliant intellectual, and so to not believe that made him feel stupid. He had to think, I was a fool—I believed this man was smart, and I didn't know how to identify a smart man clearly, so I must be a stupid person. That's really not easy to come to terms with.

And so, two of the lessons that came out of what you said there are first, we actually have to have some empathy for people who swallow propaganda, and then second, we need a kind of positive alternative that is more than just fact checks.(...)

Abughazaleh
Yes, it's very entertaining to watch. If you divorce yourself from the awfulness of knowing that people are watching this and thinking that they're being educated, it becomes really funny. (...)

But it can get violent. I know many people who have been swatted. I know people who are currently living in a hotel because someone just showed up at their door. I make a point whenever I post something to make sure that there is nothing that sees out my window. When I'm in Texas, if someone asks what I do, when I visit my family, I just say research or whatever. I don't elaborate because it's easy to say you're being dramatic or this is ridiculous. But looking at so many people in progressive spaces, the threats that we get are not ridiculous. You get threats with people saying, "I saw you at such and such place wearing this outfit."

And that goes for every individual that I know. Institutions like Media Matters took great care of their employees in making sure that their safety was a priority, making sure that if they were being attacked they had the support they needed. I remember when OAN was a big thing. They would put my coworkers faces on the screen, and then they would have to go private on all their accounts because you just get a bunch of OAN watchers flooding their DMs. They thrive on attacking because they don't have anything else.

Robinson
No, and obviously, what we have discussed is the way that this propaganda machine is trying to whip those people into a frenzy of hatred and get them to feel like people like yourself and your colleagues are destroying Western civilization, or whatever it is that they are in a war against. They're told outright that they are fighting evil.

Abughazaleh
And with everything that's going on abroad—I'm Palestinian, so I get a fun little addition on there. I got that before everything, but now it's really bad. But you have people like a certain billionaire who owns a social media company, and Libs of Tiktok—people like that—and they'll tweet about you and say that it wasn't intended to have you targeted or anything, but that's what happens. And they know that. Chaya Raichik of Libs of Tiktok literally posed with a newspaper, pointing out that everywhere she targets faces bomb threats: children's hospitals, libraries, schools. She is delighted by it because they know that when they say something, when they say such and such school is hosting a parent's night for anyone who has two daddies, that place is going to get threats.

It’s just like when Tucker Carlson used to put someone's face on the screen and say their name over and over again, instead of using a pronoun. I remember he did one episode on Nina Jankowicz, and he just kept saying her name over and over and over again because he wanted to get it in your head. This is the target.

by Nathan J. Robinson, Current Affairs |  Read more:
Image: Denis Lushch
[ed. I would've titled this Fox in the Whorehouse, but that's just me. How many people have the same story: some relative or friend who's deeply into watching Fox News and now is no longer recognizable. It's like a cross between cult indoctrination and Stockholm Syndrome. See also: What I’ve Learned From Collecting Stories of People Whose Loved Ones Were Transformed by Fox News (Intelligencer).]